Which Mobile Learning is More Suitable on Physics Learning in Indonesian High School?

—The use of mobile learning tool has controversy in Indonesian schools. Some teachers feel that it would interfere with the learning process in the classroom, but at the same time teachers saw a lot of potential of mobile technology. The goal of this study is to observe secondary schools on facilitating students through the use of mobile learning. This research is descriptive qualitative evaluations on the assembling mobile learning in several secondary schools in several regions in Indonesia during 2014-2015. The results of this study indicate that some of the schools that have implemented mobile learning, there is a tendency that mobile learning was not in a planned and structured as a school program. Two things are important to solve this condition are the availability of government policy and increase literacy teachers in managing mobile learning application.


Introduction
Indonesian people has been ready to use mobile technology, either for social or technology interest [1]. However, another research in 2013 found a paradox in schools in which students have a good ICT literacy, but the school did not support its implementation in the learning process sufficiently [2]. In other word, the use of smart phone as the instrument of mobile learning in school became a controversy. On one hand, the school forbade students to use mobile phone because it could disturb learning process; on the other hand, the teachers saw some benefits of mobile technology [3][4] [5].
The positive point comes up in the latest years is that there is significant change on teachers' awareness to make use of ICT in mobile learning. This phenomenon is regarded as part of implication of mobile and wireless technology development growing rapidly these days [4] [6]. The technology becomes cheaper in price, higher in performance, and smaller in size. Those things make teachers realized that digital technolo-gy offers alternative chance of learning in different way; including the relationship between teacher-student, teacher -teacher, student-student and student-material [7].
This research intended to describe the development of high schools in Indonesia to facilitate students' learning through mobile learning. Hopefully, the result might give considerable policies to strengthen the operating learning system by which students are able to reach learning competencies optimally.

2
Literature Review

The Trend of Mobile Technology Penetration in Indonesia
The use of ICT in learning process in Indonesia can be viewed in survey results [8] related to global digital statistics from the latest two years (2014,2015). Although generally the penetration of internet in Indonesia just touched 28% in 2015, but it shows significant progress compared to the attainment 15% in 2014. The developing simultaneous growths in many sectors are predicted to boost its penetration in the future.
In 2015, users spent 5.1 hours of notebook, and 3.2 hours through mobile devices to access internet. It depicts a progressive trend to use mobile devices more, since in 2014 time of using internet through notebook was 5.5 hours and through mobile devices was 2.5 hours. Therefore, there is an increase 0.7 hour to access internet using mobile devices or increases 28% in. It is obviously a relatively high number of shifting from laptop to mobile devices; although in the global level, Indonesia declined from the 3rd rank of 25 countries to the 7th rank of 31 countries in 2015. Meanwhile, from the category of mobile share on the web traffic in 2015, Indonesia contributed 50% in the 4th rank of 31countries with the average global percentage was 33%. The increasing trend of mobile devices can be perceived as opportunity of school learning. It might inspire teachers to create learning activities using mobile devices to help students to reach the competency optimally.

Definition of Mobile Learning
Mobile learning (m-learning) is the part of electronic learning or e-learning which gives broader opportunity in mobile mode, and better capabilities for students learning. The definition may distinct m-learning clearly from e-learning in terms of student mobility as learners [5] [9]. Students can learn wherever they are [3] [10]. Mobile learning perspective can be classified into four, they are techno-centric, e-learning focus, formal education instrument and student-centered learning [11][12] [13]. Nowadays, technology empowerment at schools is used to ensure the implementation of effective learning with new opportunities and to encourage better learning performance [7][9] [10].

Method
This research applied descriptive qualitative evaluation research. The researcher observed toward the implementation of mobile learning for the 10 senior high schools at 8 diffrent districts in Indonesia during 2015 at grade 1 or 2 for Physics subject as mentioned on table 1. The observed variables, the learning strategies for each district is presented on table 2.  The observation aspects to be examined in this research were types of mobile application used in learning process, reasons of using mobile learning, considerable variables in applying mobile learning, result and obstacles found in the application of mobile learning, types of multimedia used in learning, and learning strategies employed.

4
Result and Discussion

Types of Mobile Application
The mobile applications used by the students were Moodle, Edmodo, Path, Facebook and self-developed application. Moodle is learning management system which has complete features. This application can be used in notebooks, tablets and smartphone. However, these rich features should be perceived from two sides; namely the feasibility of highly-flexible interactions between teacher and students with various modes; but also the complexity of application usage for teachers whose lowlimited Moodle literacy level. The features can be used for Journal, Chats and Forums, Graded Quizzes, Lessons, Book, Wikis, Lightbox galleries, Voicethread, Add Gadgets and RSS feeds using HTML, Use the Project Format, dan Collaborate in Realtime.
Edmodo is learning management system which involves parents as the monitor of students learning activities. This application can be used in notebook and other smart devices under the bases of social-network. Yes, it is less complete than Moodle, but it is relatively adequate for a certain learning objectives. It provides some features such as Polling, Gradebook, Quiz, File and Links, Library, Assignment, Award Badge, and Parent Code. It really suits for students who still need parents' support. Yet, in senior high school level, they rarely used Parent Code application.
Path is a social network which can be used to share pictures and message (social networking-enable photo sharing and messaging). In the beginning, this application is indeed not used for learning or education in general, but it is widely utilized to reach social networks to disseminate information. Since the number of youngsters using this application is growing by numbers, it gives inspiration to apply it for learning. Although assessment or grading in learning activities cannot be done automatically through system, the users can use it comfortably through messaging, still.
Facebook is the most frequently used application in social media. It is relatively same as Path but there is a feature which does not exist in Path, namely Page. This feature enables users to share their friends certain themes. Facebook also provides facilities for chatting, and flexible document sharing.
Self-developed application is designed by teachers themselves to adjust to certain specific learning strategies appropriately. Nevertheless, having been observed from the existing modules, this learning management system is generally adopted from modules in Moodle. The advantage of this application is more customized by teacher. But it would be problematic for teachers who do not have sufficient programming experience.

4.2
The reasons of using mobile learning There were some reasons which are explained by teachers in using mobile learning in school. First is the necessity of time-learning flexibility. It mostly happened in vocational schools in which most students spend their time at practicing field, thus they cannot follow the lesson at school. Consequently, they followed the class through online. The competencies expected from the mobile learning constitute a part of the whole competences for one semester.
Second, it gave opportunity to students to repeat the materials unrestrictedly. In such schools, this mobile learning was used simultaneously with conventional school learning more likely as blended learning. The learning lessons and tasks were available online. Students can learn by themselves out of classroom. Slightly different from first reason, it played more as adjoining learning resources for students. They could learn over again materials they have learnt at classroom.
From both reason, it seemed that the teachers make use of learning mobile just for the sake of solving the problems of classroom learning inadequacy. It was not used as a well-structured planned learning activity in school. The teachers individually, not by system, made an initiative to apply mobile learning for their personal satisfaction. It was possibly caused by the absence of national policy to push schools to implement online learning. The government possibly was unwilling to oblige the policy because they consider about the school inability to sufficient the infrastructure, and also the teachers' literacy in operating mobile learning. If the government did not gives strategic policy related to the use of mobile learning application, we cannot hope much about the quality of national education development. Students tended to use their mobile activities mostly as means of social media as displayed in global digital statistic data (Kemp, 2015)

Observable Variables
In the research setting, generally the dependent observable variable was the level of material understanding. It was measured by giving some tests related to the material. The test items were made by considering taxonomy Bloom based on the expected level, item difficulty test, and item discrimination test. The findings showed that mobile learning could improve student's ability in understanding the material significantly in all schools.
Of course the result could not be used automatically for final justification, because it is quasi-experiment research. It means that there were a number of influencing but unobservable variables. It can be seen from the coefficient determination score approximately 0.60 in all subject schools. Those factors were a number of students taking extra courses out of school and the length of time being allocated by students to access online materials out of schools. Nevertheless, it can be said still that mobile learning offered opportunities for students in understanding the materials.

Learning strategies
Based on the research, the learning strategies practiced in blended learning of students' interaction with the materials and exercises provided online. It is seen from the learning steps prepared by the teacher in lesson plan. Although some mobile learning application Whereas in some mobile learning application supplied various types of features, there was a strong tendency where the most frequently used features were lesson provider, discussion (synchronous/ asynchronous), exercises and materialrelated tests. Such learning environment was insufficient to stimulate self-directed learning among students. Students did the learning online just due to teacher's instruction. The fact strengthened the researcher's hypothesis that there should be affirmative policy from the authority to make use of mobile technology advancement in learning effectively and efficiently.

Conclusion
In national level, the penetration of mobile technology in Indonesia has increased from many aspects. Unfortunately, this condition was not optimally utilized optimally yet to improve students' learning competence. Some schools that have applied mobile learning tended not to design it as a well-planned and structured school program yet. As a result, they could not get much benefit from the advances of mobile learning technology effectively. Two important considerable issues to better the condition here were the presence of government's affirmative policy, and promotion of teachers' literacy in managing mobile learning application.