Designing a Structured Repository of Remote Laboratories for Enhanced Online Education

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v22i09.61353

Keywords:

Mechatronics, STEM disciplines, Online education, Remote engineering, Remote laboratories

Abstract


One of the key challenges for users of remote engineering is finding available remote laboratories worldwide and efficiently integrating them into teaching practice. The lack of practical skills and institutional support often limits their implementation, which contradicts the fundamental idea of expanding scientific and educational resources. To address this challenge, a digital repository of real remote laboratories was developed in this study. The search process was conducted according to a defined algorithm based on a strategy consisting of three sequential phases. First, relevant academic databases and general online sources were systematically searched using predefined keywords. Next, the identified laboratories were evaluated according to several criteria, including their geographical origin, field of application, and availability. Finally, a digital repository focused on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines was developed. The repository was designed to enable fast and user-friendly access to practical knowledge. All included laboratories were thoroughly tested and individually evaluated. Based on the identified advantages and limitations, the main directions for the future development, sustainability, and improvement of remote laboratories were proposed.

References

[1] H. Kagermann, W.-D. Lukas, and W. Wahlster, “Industrie 4.0: Mit dem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industriellen Revolution.” Accessed: Jan. 25, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.dfki.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DFKI/Medien/News_Media/Presse/Presse-Highlights/vdinach2011a13-ind4.0-Internet-Dinge.pdf

[2] H. Kagermann and W. Wahlster, “Ten Years of Industrie 4.0,” Jun. 28, 2022, MDPI. doi: 10.3390/sci4030026.

[3] World Health Organization, “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.” Accessed: Jan. 25, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19

[4] M. Alenezi, “Digital Learning and Digital Institution in Higher Education,” Educ. Sci. (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 18, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/educsci13010088.

[5] T. Keane, T. Linden, P. Hernandez-Martinez, A. Molnar, and A. Blicblau, “Digital technologies: students’ expectations and experiences during their transition from high school to university,” Educ. Inf. Technol. (Dordr)., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 857–877, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10639-022-11184-4.

[6] Y. Sidi, T. Shamir-Inbal, and Y. Eshet-Alkalai, “From face-to-face to online: Teachers’ perceived experiences in online distance teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic,” Comput. Educ., vol. 201, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104831.

[7] Y. Xia, Y. Hu, C. Wu, L. Yang, and M. Lei, “Challenges of online learning amid the COVID-19: College students’ perspective,” Front. Psychol., vol. 13, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1037311.

[8] “Strategy for the Development of Education in Serbia by 2030,” 2021. Accessed: Jan. 25, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://prosveta.gov.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/SROVRS-2030-1.pdf

[9] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), “Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence and Decision-making.” Accessed: Jan. 25, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://oge.mit.edu/programs/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/

[10] University of Novi Sad and Faculty of Technical Sciences, “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.” Accessed: Jan. 25, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://ftn.uns.ac.rs/studies/EAI/1/2/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning/

[11] S. Fabriz, J. Mendzheritskaya, and S. Stehle, “Impact of Synchronous and Asynchronous Settings of Online Teaching and Learning in Higher Education on Students’ Learning Experience During COVID-19,” Front. Psychol., vol. 12, p. 16, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733554.

[12] S. Dash, S. Samadder, A. Srivastava, R. Meena, and P. Ranjan, “Review of Online Teaching Platforms in the Current Period of COVID-19 Pandemic,” Apr. 01, 2022, Springer. doi: 10.1007/s12262-021-02962-4.

[13] T. O’mahony et al., “A Take Home Laboratory to Support Teaching Electronics: Instructors Perspectives and Technical Revisions,” Journal on Teaching Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 15–29, 2024, doi: 10.24840/2183-6493_003-001_1891.

[14] D. J. Caruana, C. G. Salzmann, and A. Sella, “Practical science at home in a pandemic world,” Sep. 01, 2020, Nature Research. doi: 10.1038/s41557-020-0543-z.

[15] K. Bangert et al., “Remote practicals in the time of coronavirus, a multidisciplinary approach,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 219–239, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1177/0306419020958100.

[16] G. G. Lee, D. Y. Kang, M. J. Kim, H. G. Hong, and S. N. Martin, “The emergence of remote laboratory courses in an emergency situation: University instructors’ agency during the COVID-19 pandemic,” Cult. Stud. Sci. Educ., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 601–629, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11422-023-10169-0.

[17] D. Casado-Mansilla, J. García-Zubia, J. Cuadros, V. Serrano, D. Fadda, and y. V. Canivell, “Remote experiments for STEM education and engagement in rural schools: The case of project R3,” Technol. Soc., vol. 75, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102404.

[18] N. F. Andini, P. M. Dewi, T. A. C. Marida, A. P. Wibawa, and A. Nafalski, “A decade evolution of virtual and remote laboratories,” Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 63–73, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.31763/businta.v7i1.203.

[19] R. Krneta, “Introduction to the NeReLa project,” in 2014 11th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV), Porto, Portugal: IEEE, Feb. 2014, p. 3.

[20] NeReLa team, “Library of Remote Experiments.” Accessed: Jan. 25, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://lirex.ftn.kg.ac.rs/en/index.html

[21] J. Šulc, “Faculy of Technical Sciences, Information Systems Engineering, Remote engineering .” Accessed: Jan. 25, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://ftn.uns.ac.rs/stranice-predmeta/IZOI93/udaljeno-inzenjerstvo

[22] I. Grout, “Remote laboratories as a means to widen participation in STEM education,” Educ. Sci. (Basel)., vol. 7, no. 4, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.3390/educsci7040085.

[23] O. Dziabenko and J. García-Zubía, “IT Innovative Practices in Secondary Schools: Remote Experiments,” Bilbao, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.

[24] M. T. Restivo, A. Cardoso, and A. M. Lopes, Online Experimentation: Emerging Technologies and IoT, 1st ed. Barcelona: IFSA Publishing, 2016.

[25] M. Kurtz, A. Benabbou, C. Pons, and J. Broisin, “Collaboration in virtual and remote laboratories for education: A systematic literature review,” Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 549–603, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s11412-025-09454-7.

[26] J. Álvarez Ariza and C. Nomesqui Galvis, “RaspyControl Lab: A fully open-source and real-time remote laboratory for education in automatic control systems using Raspberry Pi and Python,” HardwareX, vol. 13, p. 34, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00396.

[27] F. Said, B. Abdelhalim, N. Guillaume, and B. Denis, “Design of a Flexible Hardware Interface for Multiple Remote Electronic practical Experiments of Virtual Laboratory,” International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), vol. 8, no. S2, p. 7, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.3991/ijoe.v8is2.2004.

[28] B. Popović, N. Popović, D. Mijić, S. Stankovski, and G. Ostojić, “Remote control of laboratory equipment for basic electronics courses: A LabVIEW-based implementation,” Computer Applications in Engineering Education, vol. 21, no. S1, pp. E110–E120, 2013, doi: 10.1002/cae.20531.

[29] V. Reljić, B. Bajči, I. Milenković, J. Šulc, D. Šešlija, and S. Dudić, “Development of an experimental setup for remote testing of pneumatic control,” International Journal of Online Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.3991/ijoe.v14i01.7784.

[30] A. Ak, V. Topuz, A. Altikardeş, and B. Oral, “Development of a remote laboratory infrastructure and LMS for mechatronics distance education,” Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 2493–2508, 2018, doi: 10.29333/ejmste/89947.

[31] S. Osentoski et al., “Remote Robotic Laboratories for Learning from Demonstration: Enabling user interaction and shared experimentation,” 2012, Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi: 10.1007/s12369-012-0157-8.

[32] D. Pang, S. Cui, and G. Yang, “Remote Laboratory as an Educational Tool in Robotics Experimental Course,” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, vol. 17, no. 21, 2022, Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: 10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791

[33] F. A. Senese, C. Bender, and J. Kile, “The internet chemistry set: web¬based remote laboratories for distance education in chemistry,” Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 4–7, 2002, doi: 10.1177/0047287506288812.

[34] V. M. Cvjetković and U. Stanković, “Arduino based physics and engineering remote laboratory,” in Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer Verlag, 2017, pp. 560–574. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50340-0_51.

[35] G. Tabunshchyk, T. Kapliienko, and P. Arras, “Sustainability of the Remote Laboratories Based on Systems with Limited Resources,” in Smart Industry & Smart Education. REV 2018. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, M. Auer and R. Langmann, Eds., Springer, Cham, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95678-7_22.

[36] D. May, G. R. Alves, A. A. Kist, and S. M. Zvacek, “Online Laboratories in Engineering Education Research and Practice,” in International Handbook of Engineering Education Research, Routledge, 2023, pp. 525–552. doi: 10.4324/9781003287483-29.

[37] S. Dudić, J. Šulc, V. Reljić, B. Bajči, D. Šešlija, and I. Milenković, “Automatic device for remote measuring of circularity: Development and implementation in education courses,” Journal of Engineering Research (Kuwait), vol. 9, no. 4 A, pp. 235–245, 2021, doi: 10.36909/jer.9753.

[38] V. Reljić, I. Milenković, B. Bajči, D. Šešlija, and J. Šulc, “Remotely controlled compressed air spring-Design and implementation for distance education,” Computer Applications in Engineering Education, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 2131–2140, 2018, doi: 10.1002/cae.22015.

[39] J. Šulc, B. Bajči, V. Reljić, I. Milenković, D. Šešlija, and S. Dudić, “Automatic manipulator for remote measurement of linear dimensions—development and integration in education courses,” Computer Applications in Engineering Education, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 947–958, 2018, doi: 10.1002/cae.21939.

[40] T. R. Ortelt, T. Haertel, and S. Frye, “Remote Labs in Germany—An Overview About Similarities and Variations,” in Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer, 2021, pp. 143–153. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-52575-0_11.

[41] M. Inonan and R. Hussein, “MELODY: A Platform-Agnostic Model for Building and Evaluating Remote Labs of Software-Defined Radio Technology,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 127550–127566, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3331399.

[42] A. Van den Beemt, S. Groothuijsen, L. Ozkan, and W. Hendrix, “Remote labs in higher engineering education: engaging students with active learning pedagogy,” J. Comput. High. Educ., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 320–340, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s12528-022-09331-4.

[43] K. A. Jeffery and C. F. Bauer, “Students’ responses to emergency remote online teaching reveal critical factors for all teaching,” J. Chem. Educ., vol. 97, no. 9, pp. 2472–2485, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00736.

[44] I. N. Da Silva, J. Garcia-Zubia, U. Hernandez-Jayo, and J. B. D. M. Alves, “Extended Remote Laboratories: A Systematic Review of the Literature From 2000 to 2022,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 94780–94804, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3271524.

[45] H. Tjahyadi, K. Prasetya, and I. M. Murwantara, “Digital Twin Based Laboratory for Control Engineering Education,” International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 704–711, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.4.1856.

[46] C. Palmer et al., “Digital Twinning remote laboratories for online practical learning,” Prod. Manuf. Res., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 519–545, 2022, doi: 10.1080/21693277.2022.2097140.

[47] J. Lee, R. Natarrajan, S. S. Rodriguez, P. Panda, and E. Ofek, “RemoteLab: A VR Remote Study Toolkit,” in UIST 2022 - Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Oct. 2022. doi: 10.1145/3526113.3545679.

[48] P. Trentsios, M. Wolf, and S. Frerich, “Remote Lab meets Virtual Reality - Enabling immersive access to high tech laboratories from afar,” in Procedia Manufacturing, Elsevier B.V., 2020, pp. 25–31. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.104.

[49] P. V. Baudin et al., “Low cost cloud based remote microscopy for biological sciences,” Internet of Things (Netherlands), vol. 18, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2021.100454.

[50] A. Mellit, M. Benghanem, O. Herrak, and A. Messalaoui, “Design of a novel remote monitoring system for smart greenhouses using the internet of things and deep convolutional neural networks,” Energies (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 16, p. 15, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14165045.

[51] A. Bhattacharjee, E. Johnson, P. Perez-Pinera, and K. Jensen, “Development and Implementation of a Remote Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Exercise,” J. Microbiol. Biol. Educ., vol. 23, no. 1, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1128/jmbe.00286-21.

[52] K. Krawiecka, J. Sturgess, A. Petrova, and I. Martinovic, “Plug-and-play: Framework for remote experimentation in cyber security,” in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Oct. 2021, pp. 48–58. doi: 10.1145/3481357.3481518.

[53] S. V. Kandala et al., “Engineering End-to-End Remote Labs Using IoT-Based Retrofitting,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 1106–1132, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3523066.

[54] O. Zine, M. Errouha, O. Zamzoum, A. Derouich, and A. Talbi, “SEITI RMLab: A costless and effective remote measurement laboratory in electrical engineering,” International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 3–23, 2018, doi: 10.1177/0020720918775041.

[55] C. Lavayssière, B. Larroque, and F. Luthon, “Laborem Box: A scalable and open source platform to design remote lab experiments in electronics,” HardwareX, vol. 11, p. 21, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00301.

[56] J. A. Ariza and S. G. Gil, “RaspyLab: A Low-Cost Remote Laboratory to Learn Programming and Physical Computing Through Python and Raspberry Pi,” Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 140–149, May 2022, doi: 10.1109/RITA.2022.3166877.

[57] L. Everett, “This Lab Allows Scientists to Conduct Experiments Remotely at Any Time.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.labmanager.com/this-lab-allows-scientists-to-conduct-experiments-remotely-at-any-time-27609

[58] “What are Remote Laboratories?” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://remotelaboratory.com/remote-laboratories/what-are-remote-laboratories/

[59] “LabsLand: the global remote STEM labs platform.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://labsland.com/en

[60] “Virtual Labs.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.vlab.co.in/

[61] M. Ching-Pong Poo, Y. Lau, and Q. Chen, “Are Virtual Laboratories and Remote Laboratories Enhancing the Quality of Sustainability Education?,” Educ. Sci. (Basel)., vol. 13, p. 13, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.3390/educsci.

[62] F. L. Jacob, M. A. Marques, G. R. Alves, A. V. Fidalgo, F. G. Loro, and E. S. C. Ruiz, “The VISIR Remote Laboratory: Analysis of Limitations and Proposals for Improvement,” Laboratories, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 20, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.3390/laboratories2040020.

[63] Y. , Khazri, Z. Laouina, M. Moussetad, R. Adhiri, and S. Mourdane, “Remote Laboratories E-Lab FSBM: Architecture and Implementation of New Experiments,” in Open Science in Engineering. REV 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, M. E. Auer, R. Langmann, and T. Tsiatsos, Eds., Springer, Cham, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42467-0_19.

[64] N. Ramakrishnan, P. Orduna, L. R. Gil, and A. Villar, “Remote Engineering Lab for Teaching Computer Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Impact.,” in Open Science in Engineering. REV 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, M. E. Auer, R. Langmann, and T. Tsiatsos, Eds., Springer, Cham, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42467-0_15.

[65] A. Schwandt, “REMOTE LABS - BRAINSTORMING AND CONCEPTION.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.rl4eng.com/UploadFiles/HBRS-Training-materials/Remote%20Labs-%20Brainstorming%20and%20Conception_with_answers.pdf

[66] G. R. Alves, “Remote laboratories for digital electronics: an overview.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://decel.univ-tours.fr/decel/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/C1_GustavoAlves_Presentation_at_DECEL_project_meeting_Porto_Portugal_26jan2023_reduced1.pdf

[67] “FAST LANE WORLDWIDE LAB INFRASTRUCTURE Remote and Hands-On Lab Experiences.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://f.hubspotusercontent10.net/hubfs/3356812/Collateral/Remote%20Labs%20Brochure.pdf

[68] “Remote Web-Based Science Lab.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.nic.bc.ca/_resources/pdf/carti-rwsl-brochure.pdf

[69] “STUDY FROM HOME REMOTE LABS - 60+ Real Hardware Electronics Circuits Experiments for Students.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.emona-tims.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Emona-netCIRCUITlabs-12.pdf

[70] The University of Edinburgh and School of Engineering, “Remote Labs.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://eng.ed.ac.uk/about/facilities/remote-labs

[71] Montana State University, “Remote Computer Labs.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://studentlabs.montana.edu/remotelabs/index.html

[72] Sanskriti University, “Online & Remote Labs.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://engineering.sanskriti.edu.in/online-and-remote-labs/

[73] University of Washington, “The Remote Hub Lab.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://rhlab.ece.uw.edu/

[74] Ghent University and Department of Mathematics, “Remote Lab.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://analysis-pde.org/remote-lab/

[75] CSpark Research, “REMOTE LABS - The CSpark Remote Access Platform.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://csparkresearch.in/remotelabs

[76] SMC, “RAB-400 - Remote access box.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.smctraining.com/product/remote-access/rab-400

[77] REALVNC, “Remote lab access.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.realvnc.com/en/discover/remote-lab-access/

[78] V. Jurošević, V. Reljić, J. Šulc, N. Dakić, I. Milenković, and S. Dudić, “Remote Laboratories.” Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://remotelaboratories.rs/

[79] A. Villar-Martinez et al., “LabsLand Electronics Laboratory: Distributed, Scalable and Reliable Remote Laboratory for Teaching Electronics,” in Open Science in Engineering. REV 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, M. E. Auer, R. Langmann, and T. Tsiatsos, Eds., Springer, Cham, 2023, pp. 261–272.

[80] P. Ordu˜na, L. Rodriguez-Gil, J. Garcia-Zubia, I. Angulo, U. Hernández, and E. Azcuenaga, “Increasing the Value of Remote Laboratory Federations Through an Open Sharing Platform: LabsLand,” in Online Engineering & Internet of Things, vol. 22, M. E. Auer and D. G. Zutin, Eds., in Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 22. , Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 859–873. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-64352-6.

[81] “Remote-LAB GymKT .” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: http://remote-lab.fyzika.net/index.php?lng=en

[82] L. T. Neustock, G. Herring, and L. Hesselink, “Stanford iLabs - Digital Lab Twins.” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://ilabs.education/listing

[83] M. A. Zaman, L. T. Neustock, and L. Hesselink, “iLabs as an online laboratory platform: A case study at Stanford University during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” in 2021 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Vienna: IEEE, 2021, pp. 1615–1623. doi: 10.1109/EDUCON46332.2021.9454028.

[84] Beshta; Alexander et al., “Laboratories Across Borders (LAB) .” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.lab-project.eu/

[85] F. Lustig, F. Schauer, and M. Ožvoldová, “iSES: e-LABORATORY PROJECT.” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.ises.info/index.php/en

[86] F. Lustig, P. Brom, P. Kuriscak, and J. Dvorak, “‘Hands-on-Remote’ Laboratories,” in Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 47, Springer, 2019, pp. 118–127. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95678-7_13.

[87] University of South Australia, “NetLab.” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://netlab.unisa.edu.au/index.xhtml

[88] M. Teng, H. Considine, Z. Nedic, and A. Nafalski, “Current and future developments in the remote laboratory netLab,” International Journal of Online Engineering, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 4–12, 2016, doi: 10.3991/ijoe.v12i08.6034.

[89] H. Considine, M. Teng, A. Nafalski, and Z. Nedić, “Recent developments in remote laboratory NetLab,” Global Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 16–21, 2016.

[90] J. B. da Mota Alves, J. B. da Silva, and S. M. Bilessimo, “Laboratório de Experimentação remota.” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://rexlab.ufsc.br/?q=en

[91] Renesas Electronics Corporation, “Lab on the Cloud.” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.renesas.com/en/labonthecloud

[92] LMU Munich, “LMU Munich - Multimedia.” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.didaktik.physik.uni-muenchen.de/multimedia/index.html

[93] C. Hoyer and R. Girwidz, “A remote lab for measuring, visualizing and analysing the field of a cylindrical permanent magnet,” Eur. J. Phys., vol. 39, no. 6, p. 15, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1088/1361-6404/aae35a.

[94] J. García-Zubia et al., “WebLab-Deusto.” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://weblab.deusto.es/website/index.html

[95] P. Orduña et al., “The weblab-deusto remote laboratory management system architecture: Achieving scalability, interoperability, and federation of remote experimentation,” in Cyber-Physical Laboratories in Engineering and Science Education, Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 17–42. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76935-6_2.

[96] M. Kalúz, P. Orduña, J. García-Zubia, M. Fikar, and Ľ. Cirkaš, “Sharing control laboratories by remote laboratory management system weblab-deusto,” in IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline), IFAC Secretariat, 2013, pp. 345–350. doi: 10.3182/20130828-3-UK-2039.00048.

[97] K. Henke et al., “The Grid of Online Laboratory Devices Ilmenau (GOLDi) .” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.goldi-labs.net/index.php

[98] K. Henke, T. Vietzke, H. D. Wuttke, and S. Ostendorff, “GOLDi - Grid of online lab devices Ilmenau,” International Journal of Online Engineering, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 11–13, 2016, doi: 10.3991/ijoe.v12i04.5005.

[99] J. Nau and K. Henke, “GOLDi Labs as Fully Integrated Learning Environment,” in 2024 IEEE World Engineering Education Conference (EDUNINE), Guatemala City: IEEE , 2024, p. 6. doi: 10.1109/EDUNINE60625.2024.10500662.

[100] D. Hoxley et al., “Freely Accessible Remote Laboratories (FARLabs).” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.farlabs.edu.au/

[101] C. O’Connell, D. Hoxley, and N. Tran, “Remote control labs: How live practical classes can run over the internet - free!,” Science Education News, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 19–21, Sep. 2016.

[102] University of Edinburgh, “PractableTM system .” Accessed: Feb. 02, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://practable.io/

[103] D. P. Reid and T. D. Drysdale, “Student Perceptions Influenced by Remote Laboratory Infrastructure,” in 2023 6th Experiment@ International Conference (exp.at’23), Évora, Portugal: IEEE, 2023, pp. 249–254.

[104] J. P. Sańchez et al., “The photoelectric effect and study of the diffraction of light: Two new experiments in UNILabs virtual and remote laboratories network,” Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica C, vol. 38, no. 3, p. 8, May 2015, doi: 10.1393/ncc/i2015-15111-5.

[105] University Network of Interactive Laboratories (UNILabs), “University Network of Interactive Laboratories - UNILabs.” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://unilabs.dia.uned.es/mod/data/view.php?d=3&advanced=0&paging&page=1

[106] T. de Jong et al., “Understanding teacher design practices for digital inquiry–based science learning: the case of Go-Lab,” Educational Technology Research and Development, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 417–444, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11423-020-09904-z.

[107] T. de Jong, S. Sotiriou, and D. Gillet, “Innovations in STEM education: the Go-Lab federation of online labs,” Smart Learning Environments, vol. 1, no. 1, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1186/s40561-014-0003-6.

[108] C. J. Sui, H. C. Chen, P. H. Cheng, and C. Y. Chang, “The Go-Lab Platform, an Inquiry-learning Space: Investigation into Students’ Technology Acceptance, Knowledge Integration, and Learning Outcomes,” J. Sci. Educ. Technol., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 61–77, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10956-022-10008-x.

[109] University of Twente, “Global Online Science Labs for Inquiry Learning at School (Go-Lab).” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.golabz.eu/labs?type=1204

[110] A. Villazón et al., “EUBBC-Digital Project (Europe, Brazil, Bolivia and Cuba).” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://eubbc-digital.upb.edu/booking/labs

[111] B. Pedraza, A. Villazón, and O. Ormachea, “Enhancing Accessibility for Real-Time Remote Laboratories: A Web-Based Solution with Automated Validation and Access Control,” in Smart Technologies for a Sustainable Future. STE 2024. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 1028., M. E. Auer, R. Langmann, D. May, and K. Roos, Eds., Cham: Springer, 2024, pp. 208–219.

[112] A. Santos Fuentefria, M. Castro Fernandez, and T. Fransson, “Renewables energy source remote laboratory at CUJAE. Development and Perspectives,” Ingeniería Energética, vol. 46, p. 7, 2025.

[113] Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, “Virtual Labs at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php

[114] K. Achuthan, V. K. Kolil, and S. N. Jyothy, “Effectiveness of Virtual Laboratory Teacher Training Workshops: A Kirkpatrick Model Analysis,” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, vol. 18, no. 15, pp. 225–239, 2023, doi: 10.3991/ijet.v18i15.40037.

[115] S. Diwakar, V. K. Kolil, S. P. Francis, and K. Achuthan, “Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among students for laboratory courses - Assessing the impact of virtual laboratories,” Comput. Educ., vol. 198, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104758.

[116] S. Diwakar et al., “Complementing education via virtual labs: Implementation and deployment of remote laboratories and usage analysis in south indian villages,” International Journal of Online Engineering, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 8–15, 2016, doi: 10.3991/ijoe.v12i03.5391.

[117] D. Kbaier, H. Lockett, and K. Kear, “Lab-Assist: Enhancing STEM education through online laboratories with real-time support,” Maastricht, The Netherlands, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11653241.

[118] D. Kbaier, K. Kear, H. Lockett, P. Sykes, and S. Long, “Enhancing Student Learning in OpenSTEM Labs Through Live Support: The Lab Assist Project,” in Computer Science and Education. Educational Digitalization. ICCSE 2023. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 2025. , W. Hong and G. Kanaparan, Eds., Singapore: Springer, 2024, pp. 327–339. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0737-9_29.

[119] The Open University - Milton Keynes, “The OpenSTEM Labs.” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://learn5.open.ac.uk/

[120] P. Czekalski et al., “Design and Implementation of a Next-Generation Remote Lab for IoT and Industry 4.0,” in Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier B.V., 2025, pp. 387–396. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.157.

[121] R. Sell et al., “An international hands-on IoT education platform towards Industry 5.0,” Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 198–204, 2025, doi: 10.3176/proc.2025.2.21.

[122] Silesian University of Technology, “VREL NextGen Laboratories.” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://iot.aei.polsl.pl/login

[123] MikroElektronika, “Planet Debug from MikroElektronika.” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.mikroe.com/planet-debug

[124] University of York, “EECS Remote Lab Services .” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://wiki.eecs.yorku.ca/dept/tdb/services:remotelab

[125] J. A. Smith, “Pedagogy in a Pandemic: Teaching without Exams,” in roceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA-ACEG) Conference, Jun. 2021, p. 8. doi: https://doi.org/10.24908/pceea.vi0.14885.

[126] Bauman Moscow State Technical University, “Remote access computer-aided laboratory.” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: http://lud.bmstu.ru/index_en.html

[127] A. Zimin, A. Shumov, V. Troynov, and I. Zemtsov, “Online plasma diagnostics in the remote spectroscopy laboratory for practical training and experimental research,” Information, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 10, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/info11010009.

[128] A. M. Zimin, S. V. Korshunov, A. V. Shumov, and V. I. Troynov, “Remote access laboratories for training of engineers in the 21th century,” in Ifost, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: IEEE, Oct. 2013, pp. PS9–PS13. doi: 10.1109/IFOST.2013.6616942.

[129] University of Miami, “SoA Remote Labs.” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.arc.miami.edu/resources/labs-and-centers/computer-lab/remote-labs/index.html

[130] A. K. M. Azad, M. E. Auer, and V. J. Harward, Eds., Internet Accessible Remote Laboratories: Scalable E-Learning Tools for Engineering and Science Disciplines. Hershey: Engineering Science Reference, 2011.

[131] Northern Illinois University, “Internet Accessible Remote Laboratories.” Accessed: Feb. 24, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.niu.edu/remote-lab/index.shtml

[132] RMIT University, “Virtual Experiences Laboratory (VXLab).” Accessed: Feb. 20, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.rmit.edu.au/about/our-locations-and-facilities/facilities/research-facilities/virtual-experiences-laboratory

[133] I. Peake, J. O. Blech, L. Fernando, H. Schmidt, R. Sreenivasamurthy, and Sudarsan. S. D., “Visualization facilities for distributed and remote industrial automation: VxLab,” in 2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), Luxembourg, Luxembourg: IEEE, Oct. 2015, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/ETFA.2015.7301582.

[134] J. O. Blech, M. Spichkova, I. Peake, and H. Schmidt, “Visualization, Simulation and Validation for Cyber-Virtual Systems,” in Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering. ENASE 2014. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 551., L. Maciaszek and J. Filipe, Eds., Cham: Springer, 2015, pp. 140–154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27218-4_10.

[135] Fast Lane Group, “Fast Lane Remote Lab.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://fastlane.live/us_en/remote-labs.html?__cf_chl_tk=5B67_Dkp5TfPPD6xHfnmJLG.D0PQLva4wXRVShEn698-1771673357-1.0.1.1-188KIxDWLY8l0j0oLdwxMitufNuVf5Gw_w3GpNgCbOw

[136] Armfield Engineering, “Distance Learning and Remote Access.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://armfield.co.uk/product/distance-learning-access/

[137] A. Hyder, S. K. Choi, and D. Schaefer, “Remotely Controlled Laboratory Experiments: Creation and Examples,” in Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE FAMSim.3 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA, IEEE, Apr. 2010, pp. 62–67. doi: 10.1109/SIEDS.2010.5469676.

[138] M. Abdulwahed and Z. K. Nagy, “Developing the TriLab, a triple access mode (hands-on, virtual, remote) laboratory, of a process control rig using LabVIEW and Joomla,” Computer Applications in Engineering Education, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 614–626, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1002/cae.20506.

[139] The Construct Robotics Institute, “Where Your Robotics Career Happens.” Accessed: Feb. 24, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.theconstruct.ai/

[140] QiTASC (Quality Improving Tools And Services Company), “QiTASC Remote Lab.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.qitasc.com/offer/remote-testing-lab/

[141] Digiteq Automotive s.r.o., “Digiteq Automotive Remote Labs.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://expo.digiteqautomotive.com/remote-test-lab#contact

[142] Hong Kong Polytechnic University, “Labwork PolyU.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.labwork.com.hk/

[143] K. W. E. Cheng and C. L. Chan, “Remote hardware controlled experiment virtual laboratory for undergraduate teaching in power electronics,” Educ. Sci. (Basel)., vol. 9, no. 3, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3390/educsci9030222.

[144] Emerald Cloud Lab, “Emerald Cloud Lab.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.emeraldcloudlab.com/

[145] C. Arnold, “Cloud labs: where robots do the research,” Nature, vol. 606, pp. 612–613, Jun. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01618-x.

[146] M. Segal, “An operating system for the biology lab,” Nature, vol. 573, pp. S112–S113, Sep. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02875-z.

[147] Edutech India, “Edutech Remote Lab.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://edutechindia.com/edutech-remote-lab/

[148] Netcamp, “Huawei Remote Labs.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://netcamp.ch/labs/huawei-remote-labs

[149] Quanser Inc., “Qaunser Remote Labs.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.quanser.com/products/

[150] D. Popescu, C. Ionete, D. Sendrescu, and M. Roman, “Remote Quanser Experiments,” Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika, no. 6, pp. 163–166, 2010.

[151] S. Lerman et al., “iLab: Remote Online Laboratories.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://icampus.mit.edu/projects/ilabs/

[152] V. J. Harward et al., “The iLab shared architecture: A web services infrastructure to build communities of internet accessible laboratories,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 931–950, 2008, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2008.921607.

[153] F. Látal, “Remotely controlled laboratory.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: http://www.ictphysics.upol.cz/remotelab/index_en.html

[154] F. Látal and J. Říha, “Remotely Controlled Experiment: Comparison Of Volt-Ampere Characteristics Between Incandescent And Energy Saving Light Bulb,” Problems of Education in the 21st Century, vol. 17, pp. 119–124, 2009, [Online]. Available: http://www.ictphysics.upol.cz/remotelab/.

[155] International Institute of Information Technology - Hyderabad, “IIIT Remote Labs.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://remote-labs.in/auth/sign-in

[156] N. Walchatwar, A. Gureja, G. V. Ihita, A. Ojha, and S. Chaudhari, “Security Analysis of IoT-based Remote Labs,” in 2024 11th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), Vienna: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/FiCloud62933.2024.00015.

[157] Blekinge Institute of Technology, “Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality - VISIR.” Accessed: Feb. 24, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/projetosEspeciais/VISIR/index.html

Downloads

Published

2026-09-18

How to Cite

Jurošević, V., Reljić, V., Šulc, J., Dakić, N., Milenković, I., & Dudić, S. (2026). Designing a Structured Repository of Remote Laboratories for Enhanced Online Education. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), 22(09), pp. 18–48. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v22i09.61353

Issue

Section

Papers